Lella Vignelli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lella Vignelli - Essay Example Elaboration of the great designs of Lella starts with an interior design of a sofa in the year 1964 above. Some of the factors leading to the design of the sofa is that they were looking for a sofa but had no idea what kind of sofa were in need of. However, they prefer a thick hard-edged lacquered box with soft pillows inside, a sofa that could support itself and not in support by the wall. At the same time she was thinking of designing the sofa, Poltronova asks her and her crew to design lounge seats bringing the Saratoga line design into existence. The Saratoga line design is modular to allow different kinds of arrangement, contains a coffee support table, drawers and a backlit top. To complete the design, an inclusion of black or white high gloss lacque was added to complete the attractive line design. Lella’s talent spreads in various design fields leading to the design of Heller glass bakeware of 1970. Because of the success of the plastic ware, Heller decides to increase its marketing products by introducing glass bakeware into the market. The knowledge of cooking by Lella plays a major role in deciding what cooking products or food related products to design. She discovers that food is beautiful with a top view rather than in the sections and therefore decides to come up with casseroles and pans incised with a groove section hiding the food enhancing the container. Instead of handles, she designs flat rings that all round the container for easy removal from the oven. The goal of designing the containers was to provide the public with something beautiful with simple but great designs around them. Another Lella’s design is a Xoil office in New York, 1991 that was in cover with natural linen and wool carpets. However, the office had lacquered woodwork and upholstering seating creating a warm transaction environment for

The importance of early formal education Essay Example for Free

The importance of early formal education Essay Early formal education refers to the education that children obtain during early stages of their childhood. Early childhood is a crucial time period for the development of the mental functions of children. This development, including the emergence of the abilities and skills in areas such as language, motor skills, psychosocial cognitive, and learning, is now known to be greatly influenced by exogenous factors, including the nature of the educational environment to which the child is exposed during the first eight years of life. The benefits of early childhood education have long been disputed. For many years it was believed that children who receive early formal education have an advantage over those who start school at age five or six. Today, some educators challenge that view. They speculate that intellectual and emotional harm can result from putting very young children into structured learning situations. It is hard to deny the opponents opinion that children have always grown up to be intelligent and reliable young adults without the benefits of early childhood education. However, in my opinion, I feel like children who receive early formal education will have advantages over those who start school at age five  or six because early formal education can provide a good foundation for real learning for young children, encourage the children to organize their thoughts, communicate and social with other people, and develop children’s cognition and know the importance of friendship. First, providing a good start for real learning for young children in the future is one of the reasons that I think children should attend early formal education before first grade. Children can attend early formal education, such as preschool or kindergarten before they begin elementary schools. All human beings learn to speak a language that they hear. The language children hear in their early years is the language they will reproduce, whether that would be English, Spanish, Nguyen 2 Swahili, Arabic, French, Vietnamese, or whatever. â€Å"In a country like ours, although English is the language spoken by the majority immigration has always brought us substantial groups who speak languages other than English. In addition, regional differences and educational levels present a variety of English-language dialects as models to children, so that there may or may not be homogeneity of language spoken in kindergarten classes in many parts of the country† (Cohen 58). Number of immigrants into the United States is increasing in recent years. Therefore, it is bringing different languages and affecting homogeneity of language in the preschool and kindergarten. Granting, however, that every language serves the purposes of its users, we must also concede that schools, the press, and the government in our country all use Standard English. There is therefore a unifying value in every citizens ability to relate to and to use Standard English, but not because it is better. Standard English is likely to be the first language for school for most children in the United States (Cohen 59). For instance, we are living in the United States, and of course we should know how to speak English. Also, children who grow up here should learn how to speak English fluently to get higher education and get a good job in the future. Especially, children who speak another language at home have to learn English as a second language. For example, my cousin, Nhung, was born in Vietnam. She had come to the U. S. when she was one year old. She spoke Vietnamese at home and did not speak English at all. Because Nhung’s parents did not know to speak English, they could not teach Nhung how to spell, read, or write in English. Finally, when she was four years old, her parents decided to let Nhung go to preschool. They wanted Nhung to have a foundation to begin with English in higher levels. From preschool, Nhung had learned a lot of things. After few months, she knew how to spell her own name, her parents’ name, read letters in ABC, or read a short story in a book. Her parents were surprised when their daughter could learn English fast in preschool like that. Day by day, Nhung has developed like other Nguyen 3 children in the United States. She had the foundation for English on time from preschool. Now,  she can speak English perfectly and fluently. As a result, I think that children who speak another language at home also benefit a great deal from early formal education, as they are the most prepared to learn English when they are very young before beginning elementary schools. Also, â€Å"educators often refer to the pre-reading and pre-math skills that a child will learn through play in preschool or kindergarten. These are the foundations on which a child will build competency in reading and math† (Borden 113). Children need abstract thinking in order to make the intellectual leap that words on a page represent ideas. â€Å"As a child learns to express herself/himself through art projects, telling stories, participating in dramatic play, she begins to understand that expressing ideas can be done in a variety of mediums, including the words on a page† (Borden 113). Many children enter preschool able to count to 10, 20, or even 100. However, â€Å"counting by rote is not the same thing as understanding that numerals are symbols for numbers. As a preschooler helping to prepare snack for his class puts out one napkin for each student, he begins to make the connection between the numbers he can rattle off and the concrete  numbers that correspond to napkins† (Borden 113). There is an educational component to the myriad of activities in the classroom. Day by day, the children are gaining knowledge each day while they are in the program with preschool or kindergarten. Children in early formal education can learn a lot of things before they go up for elementary schools. In fact, early formal education provide a good foundation in reading, writing, or pre-math for real learning for young children in the future. Next, an early formal education will encourage the children to organize their thoughts, communicate and social with other people. â€Å"As children grow and develop, they are more capable of independent, abstract, and complex thinking. How they approach the subject, what they learn, and how they can use the information will change as they grow older† (Borden 171). Nguyen 4 â€Å"Children learn most effectively when they interact with people and materials in an environment that is carefully organized to facilitate. Children develop foundation skills and concepts through play, learning, creative development, and relationships within their environment. Knowledge of child development enables teacher to integrate learning across a curriculum. A whole-child environment stresses the importance of the integration of knowledge through the continuity of experiences during a child’s early years† (Cromwell 121). There is an educational component in each part of the normal preschool day. Whether it is sharing news during circle time, building blocks, reading a short story, or doing easy math, children is learning new skills, refining, and developing others. â€Å"As children continue to gain knowledge through experience, they become increasingly interested in and motivated toward their surrounding world. The facts, the attitudes,  and the consistent presence of nurturing adults in their lives provide a baseline for a child’s development, identity, and social maturation† (Cromwell 107). When a child feels good about herself/himself and her/his accomplishments, she/he will gradually view learning as a lifelong process. â€Å"The time to cultivate a foundation for learning is in the early years of development when children are receptive and responsive to their relationships and experiences† (Cromwell 107). In fact, most of children who are growing up in the United States do not spend a lot of times with friends before they are going to school. They just stay home and play inside their houses. Actually, they do not communicate with a lot of people. However, children develop the most about their communication, social, and emotion at the age from three to six years old. Going to early formal education, children can develop their communication. They have time to play with their friends who can help them to grow their social maturation and gain knowledge. Children learn to speak in a small group. This can help children learn how to talk, listen, or communicate with other people. Also, they have studied new vocabularies or have told a short Nguyen 5 story to friends in a group. Children are becoming social, and they are interested in playing with other children, beginning to share and take turns to play with friends. â€Å"From ages three to five, children develop increased mastery of language and begin to think symbolically and logically. These developments allow them to observe, investigate, and engage with the physical and social environment in new ways. Preschool-age children’s development of gross and fine motor skills enables them to move confidently through space; manage finer, more complex task; and take more care of personal needs, such as going to toilet and getting dressed† (â€Å"The Preschool Child† 15). Also, one of the major tasks for children in preschool is learning to form independent relationships of trust with adults outside the family. Another importance during the early education is learning how to interact with other children and develop positive social relationship. â€Å"These aspects of normal development in the preschool years move children away from the egocentrism typical of infants and toddlers and toward perspective of others. Other important aspects of this development include the ability to cooperate, negotiate, and practice greater give and take in friendship† (â€Å"The Preschool Child†16). Children have learned a lot of important things in the early formal education. Actually, children would learn self-regulation of emotions and behaviors. This means they learn not to act on impulse, especially on aggressive impulse. In addition, children will learn how to express feelings in socially appropriate ways and develop satisfying social relationships with other children and adults. Children gradually learn how to negotiate social relationships, enter into play with others and take the perspective of others. Early childhood education provides children  a means in which to learn to share toys, to communicate thoughts and ideas, and to deal with their emotions. By playing and learning with other children in early formal education, children will learn how to deal with day to day situations. Nguyen 6 Moreover, early formal education can help children in developing children’s cognition and know the importance of friendship. During the preschool years, children will increase â€Å"the ability to represent real objects, people, and events mentally or symbolically. Through this stage, children can image a desired outcome and work toward it, can use drawings or dramatization to  represent to others what they know, and can begin to grasp that written words carry meaning† (Oser 9). â€Å"In combination with improved memory, more logical thinking and increased language skills, symbolic representation fuels overall development at this age (Wadsworth 1996)† (â€Å"The Preschool Child† 17). Attending early education, children can develop their cognitive abilities, such as â€Å"the ability to describe the conversation of matter (e. g. , ice melting to water), attempted explanations of cause and effect (e. g. , if a plant does not have water, it will die), and observations  and questions about natural phenomena (e. g. , noticing that there are different types of clouds, wondering why leaves are falling off trees)† (â€Å"The Preschool Child† 17). Children can understand more about things that happen around them. Therefore, their knowledge increases before they are actually in the formal education in elementary schools. â€Å"Preschool-age children’s cognitive development also results in the capacity to set aside one’s own perspective momentarily and to imagine the perspective of another person. This ability has profound effects on the social development of children because it enables them to  enter into the give and take required in cooperative activities and reciprocal friendships. Engagement in these relationships, in turn, stimulates further language and cognitive development, which then enriches social relationships and play† (â€Å"The Preschool child† 17). In addition, children will understand more about relationship with friends, the importance of friendships. â€Å"When children work together in small groups, there is spontaneous conversation exchange of ideas, acquaintance with one another’s interest and performance, and the experience of liking others and of being liked. Special friendships or lasting attachments may thus be Nguyen 7 formed† (Cohen 42). For example, Andy, just five years old, began kindergarten. â€Å"He spent twenty minutes in the class touching different materials on tables and floor, finding himself in the midst of playing, working children because he did not know anyone in class. To his surprise he noticed Bob, a neighborhood friend, in the class. Andy came and said â€Å"Hi†, and Bob responded. After that day, Andy got home and talked to his parents â€Å"You know what? I saw Bob in the class and I said hi and he said hi back to me† (Cohen 40). He repeated that several times with his  parents. â€Å"What made the strongest impression on Andy was to see Bob, whom he knew well, perfectly at ease there in the kindergarten—doing things, speaking to people, responding with a â€Å"hi† to him. Therefore, kindergarten is a place where children can speak to friends and do what they do. This concrete premise of being able to maintain or to create relationships was of first importance to Andy, as it is the same to many others† (Cohen 40). Having friends at schools to play with is also one of the reasons that children want to come to school. My cousin, Nhung, was four when she was in preschool. She did not want to go to school because she did not know how to speak English. However, after first day of school, she enjoyed and liked to go to school. She told us about her friends at school. Friendships helped her to love school. If children stay home until five years old to begin education, I feel that they might have a tough time to begin. While other children who had attended preschool and kindergarten will know lot of things, children who did not go to preschool will below that level. Day by day at the early formal education, children will learn more and more things. Children open mind about the friendship and increase  in developing children’s cognition as children continue to gain knowledge through experiences when they play with other children. It is easy to see that an early childhood education is essential for a child’s future. Early formal education will have advantages over those children who start school at age five or six because early formal education can provide a good foundation for real learning for young Nguyen 8 children, encourage the children to organize their thoughts, communicate and social with other people, and develop children’s cognition and know the importance of friendship. Day by day, the  children are gaining knowledge while they are in the program with preschool or kindergarten. In fact, early formal education provide a good foundation in reading, writing, or pre-math for real learning for young children in the future. Also, by playing and learning with other children in early childhood education, it provides children a means in which to learn to share toys, to communicate thoughts and ideas, and to deal with their emotions. In addition, children will become increasingly interested in and motivated toward their surrounding world because they are gaining more knowledge at early stage in preschool or kindergarten. Moreover, children open their minds in friendship while they are playing with each other day by day at school. However, parents who choose to place their child in education should be cautioned on a few things. Psychologists say that children should only attend part time. This is because it is important that the child spends time with the parents each day; which fosters security in the child. It is also important that the child does not become overwhelmed or too tired during a long day. Even a few days a week in early childhood education will provide a great deal of benefit to children.

Concept Models for Sports Development

Concept Models for Sports Development Part One Introduction There are many methods which one can rely on in order to undertake policy research. Often we will see policy makers undertaking primary research by way of observations and experimentation, resulting in a first-hand account of the effectiveness of a certain policy in a given context. However, such primary research is not always available or easily accessible, and often persons need to rely on secondary accounts of information to base their decision making processes on. It is this reliance upon secondary information that can lead to problems as to quality and reliability, which may contribute to the lack of effectiveness of a certain implemented policy. The purpose of this essay is to explore the principle of concept models and their effectiveness in relation to the formulation of policy as regards sports development. In doing so, it will attempt to identify what concept models actually are, what sports development is defined as, how the two areas interrelate, and finally the advantages and limitations of relying on concept models as a form of research. It is important to note at the outset that relying on secondary research is arguably fraught with danger in any case, however this essay also recognises the fact that primary sources or material may not always be available, and will consider whether concept models make a valuable alternative form of research. What are ‘Concept Models’? Concept models are a logical form of data collection, which researchers and academics often use to gauge and measure certain aspects of a sample of a population, so as they can form general conclusions based on the results. Often a concept model is the result of laborious analysis and experimentation, which uses scientific data collection methods to formulate and test hypotheses, so as a person studying a particular area can gain knowledge and intuition in a logical manner. Clearly there is a significant difference between the application of a reasoned hypothesis to a particular set of circumstances, as opposed to the application of theoretical principles, and this is perhaps where the conflict arises between these two methods of research in particular areas of study. It is important to understand the fact that there may be times where a concept model is perhaps the most appropriate method of research in a particular matter. However, other situations will require a more theory-based approach. This is the difficult issue that the study of society and culture presents to the academic and researcher: society and social values are often not accountable to rhyme or reason. They cannot be justified by the application of facts and figures, but rather one must attempt to understand the underlying rationale of a social context so as to have an idea as to what conclusions can be drawn about that particularly sample’s behaviour. The purpose of this essay is to highlight the tension which concept models bring to a social issue such as sports development. What is ‘Sports Development’? Sports development cannot be defined by one singular term. It can have a variety of meanings depending upon the context it is used. Perhaps the most succinct definition, but by no means definitive, is the following: Sport development deals with the opportunities available for people to progress to their potential in sport, from taking part for fun and health to competition and also encompasses the provision of opportunities for addressing the social issues of the day through participation in sport.[1] Furthermore, it is important to note that: As a profession sport development needs to justify the claims made for it by politicians and practitioners alike by providing an evidence base for the claims made for its value as a legitimate social service.[2] Therefore, sports development is regarded as having a role in society in general, and is not limited just solely to participation in sport itself. It can relate to health, in the sense that participation in sport and physical activity can lead to a reduction in obesity levels and cases of coronary heart disease and the like. It can link to crime, in the sense that sport can be used as a method of implementing structure and rigidity into a person’s life, with the theory being that a person is less likely to offend as a result. It can even delve as deep as other social issues such as gender equality, in relation to the access to top competition sporting events and activities being geared more towards men than women. All these different concepts are important, and all need to be understood in order to truly grasp the overall concept of sports development. But how does one teach this to others? How does one understand the relationship between these very different entities, in a us er-friendly way? How are Concept Models used in Sports Development? Concept models can be a useful tool in sports development, and in fact have been in discussion and policy research since the 1970s. Since first being coined as a term in the 1960 Wolfenden report,[3] sports development has undergone somewhat of a development in itself. New concepts have arisen, that need to be explained to scholars, researchers and laypeople alike. This is where concept maps may serve a valid purpose. They visually represent how various aspects of areas interrelate and flow on from one another. For example, the area of sports development has traditionally been associated with the ‘pyramid model’,[4] whereby a person begins at the bottom of the pyramid with many others at the foundation level, and gradually moves up the pyramid to the excellence level, which is only reached by much fewer people. This brief pyramid concept basically tells the reader in a visual way the overall principle of sports development, and what its ultimate goal is. However, this do es promote limitations. Firstly, it implies that the only way a participant in sport can move is up, and does not allow for the frequent occurrence of participants having to drop down one ‘level’ and attempt to climb up again. Secondly, it also imposes a quite rigid framework, and does not allow for the individual or unique nature of each and every participant. These issues will be discussed in further detail in due course. Concept models are also useful in the sense that sports development is an area which has been identified as severely lacking in empirical and scientific data to justify any other major form of modelling.[5] Riddoch also goes on to say that, as a result of this lack of ‘hard evidence’, we must rely more so on â€Å"theory, common sense, observation and expert opinion as on hard evidence†.[6] This essentially proves the usefulness of concept models in the context of sports development; however it also signifies the need that we need to begin developing a ‘bank’ of hard evidence so as to support the faith the government shows in this area. Essentially then, concept models are useful as an introductory tool, however one should seek to qualify these concepts with rigid empirical data. What are the Advantages of using Concept Models? The overwhelming benefit that concept models play in relation to the design, planning and delivery of the sports development process is that fact that is essentially simplifies the concepts and the relationships between various aspects of sports development and the wider community. It can essentially explain otherwise complicated topics quite clearly and reasonably, while also guiding the policy development process as a whole, given that it can highlight specific target ideas and values that a policy may wish to address. An excellent example of a concept model for sports development can be found in the PAT 10 report entitled ‘Sport and Social Exclusion’ (1999) at page 10 thereof, which attempts to represent the relationship between sport (or physical activity generally) and the wider economic benefits to the community as a whole.[7] On the basis of this concept model, one can trace the path of consequences that a specific activity or outcome can carry. For example, an in creased time in sprints can lead to an increase in sports injuries, and then an increase in costs to the NHS. However, the same outcome could also result in an increased achievement in sporting activities, then an increase in one’s health, and accordingly a decrease in costs to the NHS. This diagram maps out this particular issue quite well, although it is still quite ambiguous, in the sense that it does not indicate which path is more likely than the other to occur, and implies an even chance of either (or even both) occurring. What are the Disadvantages of using Concept Models? The above discussion in relation to the advantages of concept models also perhaps highlighted what some of the disadvantages are. A person who seeks to rely on a concept model in developing sports policy may be making a decision based on misleading information. This is primarily due to the fact that concept models can imply ambiguity in the data they represent. As mentioned above, the example in relation to the PAT 10’s concept model does not give any indication as to what event is more likely to occur than the other, meaning that the policy makers cannot accurately measure their issues as against the consequences due to the lack of empirical data in support. Therefore, it is important for policy makers to make their own enquiries into the reliability of the information, and they also should seek to support it with some ‘hard’ evidence before drawing a conclusion and formulating policy to guide the sport development process. Also, a pre-existing concept model may not cater for the policy maker’s particular circumstances, and therefore it would be important to have further information available to tailor the concepts to fit the situation. Concept models may also only prescribe one manner of ‘moving’ through the various concepts, which does not cater for all eventualities, and therefore one must exercise caution when relying on them, and perhaps only rely on concept models which might allow a certain amount of flexibility in their guidance. Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion, it would be reasonable to conclude that concept models can be a valuable tool in guiding the design, planning and delivery of sports development policy, however they should be relied upon with caution, and the policy maker should make an effort to familiarise himself with other ‘hard’ evidence so as he can make policy in the best interests of achieving the objectives he has set for the policy. It is the unique objectives of the policy that should come first, and it is the role of the policy maker to design and implement policy which will achieve these goals otherwise it will be of no benefit. Therefore, it is incumbent upon the policy maker to make all reasonable enquiries so as to ensure that they are making their decision based upon reliable and sound evidence. While concept models are valuable resources, they are certainly not definitive, and should not be viewed as such by those who seek to rely on them. Part Two Childhood obesity is becoming an ever increasing problem in todays modern society. So often do we see advertisements for fast food, junk food and other unhealthy habits and lifestyles, such as video games, on the television which are predominantly aimed at a younger audience. This places significant pressure on the sports industry as a whole, as children who become disillusioned with sport may suffer consequences not only to their own health, but the heath of the industry overall. After all, children are the future of our society, and it is in the interests of sport into the future to promote its values to the younger generation. The purpose of this case study is to highlight ways that sport is used at a younger level, such as school age and the like, in order to promote the positive message of health and fitness to children. This is often achieved through the implementation of social policy and activities which promote physical activity and are generally catered to the fitness and s kill levels of younger children. It is difficult to rebut the proposition that obesity in general, let alone childhood obesity, it reaching epidemic proportions around the world, specifically in the United States. The purpose of this brief therefore is to identify the objects of school-based activity programs, and rationale which underpin these programs, the design and implementation of these programs as well as their implications for management. Specifically, given the writers residence in Australia, it will tend to focus more on Australian-based research based on the writers experience in after-school childhood sport programmes. There is substantial evidence and policy in existence which supports the proposition that sport can promote a healthy lifestyle and decrease the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke at a later stage in life. In particular, the PAT 10 report Arts and Sport (Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 1999) includes health as an area in which sport can contribute to neighbourhood renewal. The Value of Sport (Sport England, 1999) suggests that sport can make a contribution to the new policy agenda by assisting in the improvement of fitness and health the reduction of risk of coronary heart disease, obesity and osteoporosis; psychological benefits (eg reduction of depression) and a range of more specific health benefits.[8] Therefore, sports development serves a vast social purpose from a health perspective, in the sense that encourages its participants to increase their physical activity in order to improve their health and not face as many potential health problems down the track. In the Australian context, where the writer is based, there is clear evidence of a policy shift towards enforcing compulsory school-level sport within the curriculum for all primary school age students. In the state of Western Australia, this was recently introduced and, according to Education Minister Mark McGowan, what I dont want to see is us reach the obesity levels of the United States and acknowledged that governments cant take all the responsibility here. Two hours a week in a school curriculum in which were loading up literacy and numeracy as well is a good outcome. What we need is after school and on weekends, parents to play their bit as well.[9] A Western Australian school principal remarked about the policy It is certainly very popular with the students. The teachers like the fact that we can now program it rather than it just being an add-on to the curriculum and it seems a very good way for us to resource the problem that were facing.[10] What this demonstrates is the f act that the government only has a limited role in the decrease of the epidemic of childhood obesity. Its hands are effectively tied, in the sense that much of the encouragement and enforcement needs to come from the parents of the children rather than the government. Essentially, the government only has control of children for about six hours per day, whereas parents are responsible for their children after school and on weekends, so there is a need for this value of childhood health and fitness to spread as a social value, rather than simply becoming an imposition by government. Perhaps most relevant to the after-school programs that the writer was involved in was the key points in relation to health which were made by Coulter in his research report entitled Realising the Value of Cultural Services: the case for sport (2001), and the following seven conclusions on this report can be drawn: Much of the research evidence relates to the health benefits of physical activity, rather than sports per se†¦ There is a need to focus on behaviour change rather than formal activity, promoting facility use and uptake of classes and sessions. Among sports participants, the frequency of activity is often less than that required to achieve and sustain health benefits. Qualitative evidence suggests that the greatest gains from involvement in activity relate to psychological health and increased feelings of well-being. It is important that such experiences are complemented by a recognition of the unique physiological benefits of exercise. Factors underpinning the success of activity provision have included appropriate and convenient local facilities; recognising the importance of participants friendship groups in getting involved and staying involved; providing reassurance that people just like us are able to participate; acknowledging, particularly to older people, that some physical activity will be better than none; and recognising that if the activity has some intrinsic value (good fun, enjoyable, a change of environment etc), it may be more appealing and ensure adherence. There is a widespread absence of robust monitoring information on the health benefits of participation and little long-term monitoring of adherence to activity programmes. This reflects the short-term nature of many initiatives, the lack of funding for such monitoring and the lack of expertise to undertake such work.[11] The above points perhaps best capture the underlying rationale behind after-school sports programs. There is no need for a child to participate in sports per se, but rather in activities which result in an increase in physical activity. While the definition between sports and physical activity can appear clouded on occasions it is clear that, for the purposes of Coulters report, they are two entirely different concepts. One of the key programs that the writer was involved in, in order to be able to comment upon this issue first-hand, is known as the ‘Active After-School Communities’ program, which is operated under funding provided by the Australian federal government. A documented case study has been undertaken in regards to the effectiveness of this program in encouraging younger children to participate in physical activity. Parents acknowledged the concerns in the current social environment in relation to obesity and later health problems, however sought to support the program where they were able to, having regard for barriers such as travel and distance, as well as time constraints in relation to parents being able to pick up and drop off children in line with their work commitments.[12] However, in an attempt to promote maximum attendance and participation, it was important for the deliverer of the program at each venue to follow certain policies in relation to the activities that they organise. First and foremost, it needed to be an activity that the children would enjoy. This meant that it needed to cater to the wants of the children, rather than the deliverer simply imposing a certain program upon the group. The deliverer therefore needed to be flexible in terms of ideas and planning of activities, however needed to remain firm enough to impose a sense of order, control and structure to the activities, in order to ensure that the overall objectives of the program were still being met. Another key feature of the Active After School Communities program is the ‘non-exclusion’ policy behind all of its activities. In essence, this means that no child should be excluded from the activities, and activities which provide for a person being ‘out’ should provide another physical role for that child as part of the activity. For example, in a game of dodge ball, a person who is hit by a ball (in a safe manner) would ordinarily be out, howeve r a good program deliverer could find an alternate role for these participants while they are waiting for a new game to start, such as throwing balls in from the sidelines as part of the game, which still keeps them involved and active. This often meant that the deliverer had to create unique games or activities within ‘their own rules’ in order to implement the policies laid down by the program. This required special training on the part of program deliverers, and thus all deliverers were required to complete accreditation in the delivery of the program before being able to conduct the program unsupervised. Of course, the design and implementation of the program is not without its impact upon the management of the program. It is important for the Federal Government to have regard for the fact that many parents are somewhat unable to pay large amounts for this program, and hence the participants of the focus group expressed a desire for the program to be heavily, if not fully, subsidised by the government.[13] This creates an issue, in the sense that the funding of the program is a significant concern given the associated expenses of program delivery. This is particularly due to the need to pay the deliverers for their services, but also that the program takes place outside of school hours. This means that supervision of the program often falls outside of the scope of a teacher’s ordinary duties, and thus often a casual employee (or a number of them) needs to be engaged in order to fill this role. Magnifying this issue is the need for a large number of sites to exist, especially i n rural areas, in order to maximise participation by minimising the distance and travel factors. Additionally, the case study also highlights the lack of suitably qualified staff to fill these roles in any event.[14] This means that the management need to outlay a substantial amount of funding to initially reach the required training and staffing standards that the policies of the program demand. Therefore, the management need to be mindful of the concerns raised by the parents of the children of the program, as they are reluctant to absorb any major costs associated with the program. As a result, the management need to ensure that the appropriate budgets and costings are obtained so as to meet the objectives of the program, and it is clear that these policies perhaps impose a great deal of pressure and responsibility upon the management. In summary, it would appear that the Active After School Communities program which the writer was associated with serves a valid purpose. It recognises the need for children to become physically active, in a society which promotes generally unhealthy lifestyles and habits. The responsibility for this negative social shift would have to be shared between the government, parents and corporations; however the responsibility to fix the problem ironically sits with the same people. For example, the AASC program relies heavily upon funding from Nike, which provides clothing and equipment so the program can run efficiently. The government needs to put the framework in place, but ultimately it is the role of the parents to encourage their child to attend the program, and to ensure continued participation, so as the child can receive the full benefit of the program. Bibliography Books Houlihan, B., and White, A., The Politics of Sports Development (2002), London: Routledge Hylton, K., Bramham, P., Jackson, D., and Nesti, M., Sports Development: Policy, Process and Practice (2007, 2nd ed), London: Routledge Reports Coulter, F., Realising the Value of Cultural Services: the case for sport (2001) LGA, London PAT 10, ‘Research Report: Sport and Social Exclusion’ (1999) Institute of Sport and Leisure Policy, Loughborough University Riddoch, C., ‘Relationships between physical activity and physical health in young people’ in Young and Active? Young people and health enhancing physical activity – evidence and implications’ (1998) Ruiz, J., ‘A Literature Review Of The Evidence Base For Culture, The Arts And Sport Policy’ (2004), Scottish Executive, Edinburgh The General Council of Physical Recreation, ‘Sport and the Community’ (1960), CCPR, London. Internet Sources ABC News, Compulsory sport to tackle childhood obesity (2007), http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200705/s1924710.htm> at 2 August 2008 Colmar Brunton Social Research, ‘Evaluation of AASC Program: Community Case Study – Vasse Community’ (2008), Australian Sports Commission, http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0004/200389/Evaluation_of_AASC_program_-_Community_Case_Study_-_Vasse.doc> at 2 August 2008 Sports Development, www.sportsdevelopment.org.uk> at 2 August 2008 [1] Sports Development UK, ‘Sports Development’ (2008) http://www.sportsdevelopment.org.uk> at 2 August 2008. [2] Ibid. [3] See The General Council of Physical Recreation, ‘Sport and the Community’ (1960), CCPR, London. [4] See Casey (1988). [5] Janet Ruiz, ‘A Literature Review of the Evidence Base for Culture, The Arts And Sport Policy’ (2004), Scottish Executive, Edinburgh, 15; see also Chris Riddoch, ‘Relationships between physical activity and physical health in young people’ in Young and Active? Young people and health enhancing physical activity – evidence and implications’ (1998). [6] Ibid. [7] PAT 10, ‘Research Report: Sport and Social Exclusion’ (1999) Institute of Sport and Leisure Policy, Loughborough University, 10. [8] F. Coulter, Realising the Value of Cultural Services: the case for sport (2001) LGA, London, 15. [9] ABC News, Compulsory sport to tackle childhood obesity (2007), http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200705/s1924710.htm> at 2 August 2008. [10] Ibid. [11] These points are drawn from sportdevelopment.org.uk at http://www.sportdevelopment.org.uk/html/rg_health.html> at 2 August 2008. [12] Colmar Brunton Social Research, ‘Evaluation of AASC Program: Community Case Study – Vasse Community’ (2008), Australian Sports Commission, http://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/word_doc/0004/200389/Evaluation_of_AASC_program_-_Community_Case_Study_-_Vasse.doc> at 2 August 2008. [13] Ibid. [14] Ibid.

The Problem of Plagiarism Essay -- Definition Essays

â€Å"Plagiarism is bad† isn't a definition, but (coming from a public high school) that might be all you've ever been taught. There's not much being done to keep students from plagiarizing in their high school courses. Teachers of junior and senior English classes work the hardest at stopping plagiarism. Still, most of us have no concept of why we shouldn't plagiarize. Then we come to college where we are faced with things like academic honesty committees and honor courts; those days of cut and paste writing assignments are over. So, what is plagiarism, other than bad? What do you do to keep from plagiarizing? And how might your professors bust you? Plagiarism is basically theft of written intellectual property. â€Å"What's intellectual property?† you ask. Dictionary.com defines intellectual property as â€Å"the ownership of ideas and control over the tangible or virtual representation of those ideas. Use of another person's intellectual property may or may not involve royalty payments or permission, but should always include proper credit to the source† (http://www.dictionary.com). If you fail to give proper credit, then you have plagiarized. Wilson Mizner once said, â€Å"Copy from one, it's plagiarism; copy from two, it's research,† (Campus Planner). At first, this seems purely humorous, but if you think about it, it makes a lot of sense. If you write a paper, and all you do is copy the thoughts and opinions of one person, then you are plagiarizing. Even if you avoid plagiarism by siting your resource properly, you're not getting a good grade -- all you are doing is copying someone's work. If, on the other hand, you take the ideas and opinions from multiple sources, give proper credit and make your own connections with the... ...ation. If you are looking to learn lessons for life, then learn how to play fair and give credit where credit is due. If you are actually in college to learn from books, then you won't plagiarize because your teachers and text books tell you not to. And even if you are only in college to have a good time, remember this, the party is over if you flunk out or are expelled. Works Cited 1999-2000 Campus Planner. CSA Inc. Dayton, Ohio. Hinchliffe, Lisa. "Cut-and-Paste Plagiarism: Preventing, Detecting and Tracking Online Plagiarism." May 1998. Online. http://alexia.lis.uiuc.edu/~janicke /plagiary.htm (12 Oct.1999) Hults, Pat. "Plagiarism." Online. http://www.cobleskill.edu/Irc/Ethics/plagiarism.html. (12 Oct. 1999) "Intellectual Property." March 27, 1997. http://www.dictionary.com/cgi-bin/dict.pl?term=Intellectual%20property. (28 Sept 1999)

Identifying Potential Malicious Attacks Essay

We have been tasked by the CIO to draft a report identifying potentially malicious attacks, threats, and vulnerabilities specific to our organization. Further, the CIO would like us to briefly explain each item and potential impact it could have on the organization. Malicious Network Attacks â€Å"Network attack is usually defined as an intrusion on your network infrastructure that will first analyze your environment and collect information in order to exploit the existing open ports or vulnerabilities – this may include as well unauthorized access to your resources† (Symantec, 2013). We will first have to analyze the potential attacks we need to protect against, and the potential impact those attacks could have on the network. The majority of threats we will encounter are classified as viruses, hacks, and blended attacks. 1. Viruses. â€Å"A Virus is a program that is activated by attaching copies of itself to executable objects. Viruses can reach your computer from other infected computers, via data medium (CD, DVD, etc.) or through a network (local or Internet).† (Symantec, 2013). Due to the shear frequency of virus attacks, we shall list them number one. According to a Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) survey, 72% of all companies received i nfected e-mails or files last year and for larger companies this rose to 83% (Vernon, 2004). The potential impact of the network becoming infected with a virus could be devastating. File destruction, file corruption, disabling user programs, loss of critical data and overloading the network are just a few of the potential impacts of a virus. Viruses can be introduced in to the network in many ways. Employees downloading /using unauthorized programs, opening and executing infected email attachments, bringing infected files from home on a thumb drive or CD, accessing the network with their smart phone, etc. According to a survey of IT mangers conducted by SupportSoft, 75% said their companies â€Å"are not  adequately protected from, or able to prevent, computer virus attacks†, and 74% said their companies are hit monthly with one or more computer viruses. (SupportSoft, 2005) 2. Hacking. Despite the continuing problem of Denial of Service (DOS), and Dedicated Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, the latest threat is SQL injection attacks. This type of attack takes advantage of improper coding of web applications that allow outside users (hackers) to inject SQL commands that allow access to the company’s database. This results in secure information being confused with non secured information. In other words, passwords, classified or proprietary information is confused with public information such as product details or contacts by the database, allowing hackers to access the secure information. A report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington estimated that it cost the global economy $300 billion a year and cyber insurance is the fastest-growing specialty insurance ever – worth around $1.3b billion a year in the US. (Lawson, 2014). It is not only the cost of information that should be considered, but also the cost of lost employee productivity, network downtime, and increased IT personnel cost. 3. Blended Attack. A blended threat is a â€Å"multi-pronged attack against networked computers. Symantec describes a blended threat as an attack that combines viruses, worms, Trojan Horses, and malicious code with server and Internet vulnerabilities to initiate, transmit, and spread an attack. Blended threats are designed to propagate quickly, like worms, but instead of relying on a single-attack vector (such as email), blended threats are designed to use whatever propagation path exists.† (Piscitello, n.d.). A blended threat usually takes over the administrative privileges on the computer and is thus able in theory to â€Å"perform any operation available, thus enabling keystroke logging; file copying, removal or modification; communications monitoring and modification; and unauthorized service operation† (Piscitello, n.d.). The use of the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy by many companies, has led to the escalation of blended attacks due to the often lackadaisical approach that most users take concerning mobile phone security. With a lack of anti-virus and anti-malware software installed, these devices post a real security risk when connected to the company network. With most employees using their mobile device for both work and private use, stored business contacts and texts could be compromised. Security Controls (Personnel) All three of the network risks identified above pose not only the threat of malicious attacks, but also the threat of data theft and loss. We must mitigate the risk to our network and the intellectual property and highly sensitive data contained within that network. The first step would be to conduct a review or audit of our user and network security policies. An annual user training session should be instituted containing the following basic policies: – No installation of unauthorized software on company machines. – Never provide someone else your user name or password. – Log off of the computer when not in use – Never provide intellectual or sensitive information to unknown users, especially through email. – Never open email attachments, especially executable files, from unknown sources. – Implement a strong password policy with mandatory changing of passwords within certain timeframes. These company policies can help mitigate internal threats that can occur by accident or intentionally. Users should also be trained in the identification of malware and the proper reporting procedures after it has been identified. All IT personnel should have knowledge of the latest threats and responses to those threats. If it is identified that IT personnel require additional training/certification, this should be provided if financially feasible. Security Controls (Hardware/Software) The first step would be to conduct a thorough audit of network security hardware and software. A reconnaissance and probing test could be performed with Zenmap GUI (Nmap) to identify security deficiencies such as open ports. The best defense against malicious attacks is a multi-layered approach. A Host Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) to complement the Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) should be installed. An additional NIDS should be installed inside the firewall which would detect any attacks that may get by the firewall. Host computers connected to the internet should be isolated from the rest of the network. We should also harden our software/hardware, which is a configuration where unnecessary services are turned off and protected ones are left running. A review of the anti-virus and anti-malware  software should be done. All software should be up to date with the latest virus/malware definitions and updates. Perform virus and malware scans on all network devices and computers on a consistent basis. Wireless Access Points (WAP) should have the latest encryption installed to ensure only authorized users have access. A BOYD security policy should be implemented, whereas all mobile devices under the BOYD program are susceptible to the same security policies as company assets. A policy much like Cisco has implemented should be considered. Their policy requires all users to have at least a four-digit PIN, and the device to have an auto-lock setting that triggers in 10 minutes or less. Cisco also reserves the right to wipe any device remotely if it’s lost or stolen. The company controls corporate data on its network, using a combination of security access PINs, encryption tools and read-only features that prevent highly confidential data from being copied, downloaded or emailed. It also uses monitoring tools to scan all Web requests for malicious content if a device starts behaving strangely, the IT team can quarantine it or kick it off the network. (Gale, 2013). Conclusion With an ever evolving, infinite amount of threats to a network, there are many available solutions to attempt to mitigate that risk. Training personnel on best security practices, creating a secure network with firewalls including intrusion detection and anti-virus/malware software, to performing security audits will help ensure the best possible defense against a malicious attack against the network. Works Cited Gale, S. F. (2013, April 2). BYOD Brings Security Risks for Companies. Retrieved July 14, 2014, from workforce: http://www.workforce.com/articles/byod-brings-security-risks-for-companies Lawson, A. (2014, May 23). Businesses need to wake up and smell the hackers. Retrieved July 23, 2014, from The Independent: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/businesses-need-to-wake-up-and-smell-the-hackers-9422300.html Piscitello, D. (n.d.). What is a blended threat? Retrieved July 23, 2014, from The Security Skeptic: http://securityskeptic.typepad.com/the-security-skeptic/what-is-a-blended-thr

Name the Strong Acids and Worlds Strongest Acid

Name the Strong Acids and World's Strongest Acid Most of the standardized tests students take, like the SAT and GRE, are based on your ability to reason or to understand a concept. The emphasis isnt on memorization. However, in chemistry there are some things you just have to commit to memory. Youll remember the symbols for the first few elements and their atomic masses and certain constants just from using them. On the other hand, its harder to remember the names and structures of the amino acids and the strong acids. The good news, regarding the strong acids, is any other acid is a weak acid. The strong acids dissociate completely in water. Strong Acids You Should Know HCl - hydrochloric acidHNO3 - nitric acidH2SO4 - sulfuric acidHBr - hydrobromic acid HI - hydroiodic acidHClO4 - perchloric acid The Worlds Strongest Acid Although this is the strong acid list, probably found in every chemistry text, none of these acids hold the title of Worlds Strongest Acid. The record-holder used to be fluorosulfuric acid (HFSO3), but the carborane superacids are hundreds of times stronger than fluorosulfuric acid and over a million times stronger than concentrated sulfuric acid. The superacids readily release protons, which is a slightly different criterion for acid strength than the ability to dissociate to release a H ion (a proton). Strong Is Different from Corrosive The carborane acids are incredible proton donors, yet they are not highly corrosive. Corrosiveness is related to the negatively-charged part of the acid. Hydrofluoric acid (HF), for example, is so corrosve it dissolves glass. The fluoride ion attacks the silicon atom in silica glass while the proton is interacting with oxygen. Even though it is highly corrosive, hydrofluoric acid is not considered to be a strong acid because it does not completely dissociate in water.Strength of Acids Bases | Titration Basics

Misunderstood essays

Misunderstood essays Strong, durable, vigorous, and resilient. These adjectives are the most accurate means of describing Pink and her successful album, titled Missundaztood. If I had somehow been stranded on a desert island, without a doubt in my mind, this album would be the one item that would help me to survive. Although I have an interest in a variety of music, I do not think that country or pop-like music would be the ideal type of music that would help me to feel as hopeful in such a situation. This album, both sounding upbeat and radiating a feeling of triumph, produces a sensation of hope and survival. What makes this album particularly important to me, is not only the lyrics and sound of the music, but more importantly, it explains how tough life can seem. In particular, the songs Dont Let Me Get Me, Just Like a Pill and Family Affair provide a rock/pop tune, easy to feel, and lyrics that send a shiver through out ones body: Don't let me get me/ I'm my own worst enemy/ Its bad when you annoy yourself/So irritating/ Don't wanna be my friend no more/ I wanna be somebody else. These feelings of self-frustration and poor self-esteem, emit something so powerful and so deepsomething that most young adults or teenagers all too often can relate to. The second song on the album which makes this reach my top list of albums, is Just Like a Pill. While the first song represents depression and frustration, this next song takes that frustration and recognizes where the base of the anger lies. Run just as fast as I can/ To the middle of nowhere/ To the middle of my frustrated fears/ And I sw ear you're just like a pill/ Instead of makin' me better, you keep making me ill. Whomever, or whatever causes this frustration is being recognized in this song. The third of the four songs is Family Affair. Both this and the fourth song really complete ...

Free Essays on Coca-Cola Ent.

COCA-COLA ENTERPRISES INC. (CCE) Introduction The syrupy Coca-Cola product was invented in May 1886 by Dr. John S. Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. The "Coca-Cola" name was actually suggested by Dr. Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Robinson. Mr. Robinson penned the name Coca-Cola in the flowing script that is famous today. Coca-Cola was first sold at a soda fountain in the Jacob’s Pharmacy (also in Atlanta) by Willis Venable. During its first year on the market, Coca-Cola sales of Coca-Cola averaged only nine drinks a day, adding up to total sales for that year of merely $50. This was not even enough to cover the year’s expenses, which were just over $70 - Dr. Pemberton took a loss. Today, products of Coca-Cola Enterprises are consumed at a rate of more than one billion drinks per day. Coca-Cola Enterprises’ holdings over the years have become diverse in the restaurants industry, supermarket industry and vending, and the soft drink industry customer base is probably the widest and deepest base in a world that is flooded with some many soft drink choices. According to Beverage Digest, the customer base for soft drinks is a whopping 95% of regular users in the United States, which represents a large field of potential customers for Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola Enterprises is very much aware of the soft drink population, and it targets heads of households. This is apparent in many of the ad campaigns that singsong catchy jingles such as â€Å"Always Coca-Cola,† which refers to the traditional beverage heritage of its product. The company also reinforces this warm and fuzzy family feeling in the â€Å"Coca-Cola Classic† advertisements, which directly targets the older consumer. This name reflects an image of wholesome values, reliability, and old time no stalgia. Throughout its years of existence, Coca-Cola Enterprises has gained momentum in the non-alcoholic beverage realm. This company that started out at very meager beginnings now po... Free Essays on Coca-Cola Ent. Free Essays on Coca-Cola Ent. COCA-COLA ENTERPRISES INC. (CCE) Introduction The syrupy Coca-Cola product was invented in May 1886 by Dr. John S. Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia. The "Coca-Cola" name was actually suggested by Dr. Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Robinson. Mr. Robinson penned the name Coca-Cola in the flowing script that is famous today. Coca-Cola was first sold at a soda fountain in the Jacob’s Pharmacy (also in Atlanta) by Willis Venable. During its first year on the market, Coca-Cola sales of Coca-Cola averaged only nine drinks a day, adding up to total sales for that year of merely $50. This was not even enough to cover the year’s expenses, which were just over $70 - Dr. Pemberton took a loss. Today, products of Coca-Cola Enterprises are consumed at a rate of more than one billion drinks per day. Coca-Cola Enterprises’ holdings over the years have become diverse in the restaurants industry, supermarket industry and vending, and the soft drink industry customer base is probably the widest and deepest base in a world that is flooded with some many soft drink choices. According to Beverage Digest, the customer base for soft drinks is a whopping 95% of regular users in the United States, which represents a large field of potential customers for Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola Enterprises is very much aware of the soft drink population, and it targets heads of households. This is apparent in many of the ad campaigns that singsong catchy jingles such as â€Å"Always Coca-Cola,† which refers to the traditional beverage heritage of its product. The company also reinforces this warm and fuzzy family feeling in the â€Å"Coca-Cola Classic† advertisements, which directly targets the older consumer. This name reflects an image of wholesome values, reliability, and old time no stalgia. Throughout its years of existence, Coca-Cola Enterprises has gained momentum in the non-alcoholic beverage realm. This company that started out at very meager beginnings now po...

Creating a Plan for a Culturally Diverse Classroom Essay

Creating a Plan for a Culturally Diverse Classroom - Essay Example Classroom differences do not only show ethnic and racial groups but also religious and political groups. These differences may affect the students’ behaviour towards their classmates, teachers and other people. Learning about the diversity in a classroom will not be easy. The differences of the students will take extra effort, patience, creativity, attentiveness and guts on the part of the teacher. However, a teacher must be able to work out the issues and differences in a multicultural classroom to help build a stronger foundation for the students’ growth and development. The teacher should create an atmosphere of tolerance, acceptance, and caring the in environment. This diversity demands more work, sincerity, resolution and understanding. Thus, to address these issues, a multicultural education was developed. According to Gollnick and Chinn (2006), multicultural education is â€Å"educational strategy in which students’ cultural backgrounds are used to develo p effective classroom instruction and school environments.† This educational strategy carries the concept of diversity, equality, culture, social justice and democracy in the classroom (Gollnick, Chinn, 2006). These concepts are the foundational areas that are given importance in the developed strategy. It is very important that we give meaning and sentiments to the issue of multiculturalism. Thus we need to create an atmosphere of tolerance, acceptance, and caring in our classroom environment to promote unity and commonality to the students. Diversity has long been an issue and thus we can only address this if we somehow demand conformity. If we embrace multiculturalism in our classroom, it gives us the chance to practice the students with democracy on which our state was founded. Thus, despite the diversity, we need to commit to find new language of unity and mutuality based on equality and respect and to gain courage to face the fears of differences. Teachers should be able to address the diversity and unequal power relations because these have huge impact on a student’s and group’s capacity to classify and achieve their own ambitions and purpose. These differences can lead to confusion and misperceptions that would eventually cause conflict. In the near future, these differences will end in political alliances. The coalitions respond to both perceived and real dominations and subordinations faced by such groups. Strong feelings of unity and patriotism stemmed from these perceptions and may result in armed conflicts in tribes, ethnic groups, and religious communities and even across the state. Thus, as early as in the classroom, we should be able to help create a unified and unbiased setting despite the differences. The Plan To be able to help address the issue on multiculturalism in a certain classroom, the teacher should be able to implement and handle the class very well. Before anything else, orient the students of the learning activ ities that are going to be implemented and taught during the school year. Also, explain the objectives and outcomes of activities thoroughly. Also, set academic standards and expectation and make sure that these have been explained and understood by the students. Students have different understanding and interpretation of every topic discussed in class. Thus it is very important to explain very well the teacher’

BBC Facing Tide of Claims for Sex and Age Discrimination Essay

BBC Facing Tide of Claims for Sex and Age Discrimination - Essay Example This study discusses that figures obtained under the Freedom of Information Act show that in the past year there have been 12 cases brought by women alleging sexual discrimination at the corporation.This was up from nine in the year before and three in the year before that. There have also been a further three cases of ageism brought against the BBC by women in the last three years. The broadcaster refuses to say how many of these women it has given payments to stop an employment tribunal. But it is understood this has happened on several occasions in recent years and that is why these type of cases against the BBC have rarely if ever actually reached court. The decision to drop Moira Stuart as a TV news reader was one of the most controversial examples of perceived sexism and ageism at the BBC in recent years. This was followed by the decision to axe Miss Phillips.This paper outlines that presenters such as Selina Scott, Anna Ford and Kate Adie have also attacked the BBC's attitude towards older women amid accusations it shunts females off screen once they reach a certain age. In 2008 Miss Scott won a payout, believed to have been about [pounds sterling]250,000, from Channel Five after she said she had been offered a newsreading job only for it to be given to two younger presenters. Experts say the increase in cases could be because women have become emboldened to speak out against bosses or because the problems are actually getting worse.

The Effects of Patriarchy on the Lives of the Women Essay

The Effects of Patriarchy on the Lives of the Women - Essay Example Maxine Hong’s tale, ‘No Name Woman’, has an even more glaring depiction of the Chinese patriarchal culture’s expectations of women. Hong, at one point, states that her pregnant aunt, whom nobody ever mentioned by name, could not possibly have been the sole woman to choose to give up everything for some sexual intimacy. Hong states that it is more likely that some strange man simply commanded her to do so; and she had no right to refuse him because she was brought up to have no will of her own (Hong, 3). This is a startling revelation that shows how women were socialized to be virtual slaves to the whims of men. China’s patriarchal system did not allow its women to develop any sense of individuality. In Isabel Allende’s ‘An Act of Vengeance’, it is Senator Anselmo Orellano himself, who, through his thoughts, when being attacked, reveal the dark strain of misogyny that can only be supported by a patriarchal society that views women as the property of men. When he first sees the rabblerousers coming, Senator Orellano locks his daughter Dulce Rosa in the furthest room on the patio. This effectively stops her from hiding in secret places where she may have suspected the men would not know to check. When near death, Senator Orellano then begins to imagine that, once they are finished with him, the attackers will proceed to the room where his child is hidden and â€Å"carry out their duties† (Zapata, 18).

Competitive Environment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Competitive Environment - Case Study Example Most companies have faced domestic competition and done well in the limited competitive milieu that they have been operating in. But now all companies will face competition from companies all over the world. Governments will be unwilling to protect domestic companies because they have realized that they will be doing a great disservice to their economies and people by limiting competition in their countries. Most governments are going overboard in making their countries attractive destinations for foreign capital, technologies and companies. The game is clear. Only the best companies will survive (Adler et al, 1993). The nationalities of companies will not matter and country markets will become intensely competitive. There will be another type of competition which is more difficult to contend with because it comes from unexpected quarters. New technologies are pouring out of laboratories and development centers. These new technologies do not respect the boundaries of existing busines ses. They solve customers' existing and even unarticulated needs in fresh ways. Customers lap up the products and services made with these technologies because they are decidedly better than the products and services they are using. ... In that sense video-conferencing is a direct threat to air travel and hotel industries. Companies need to keep a track of development of technologies in varied areas, because there is no way to find out which one of them is going to hit them. To explain Toyota's competitive advantages, much focus has been on Toyota's Just-in-Time tools such as kanban-card paced pull systems, frequent, small batch production and delivery, and reduced inventories. For instance, Hopp and Spearman (2000) have contrasted ConWIP and kanban control of production flows. Deleersnyder et al (1989) and Lee (1989) have compared the relative efficacy of push and pull approaches for production. Customers' needs are changing because their economic status and their views about themselves and the world are changing. Customers are reinventing themselves more frequently these days and hence their whole being and their rationale of existence is changing (Cusumano, 1989). This reflects in the products and services they buy and their motivations in buying those products and services also change. They want their needs to be served differently, and in most cases by different providers. A family used to go on a holiday once in a while for a change. It essentially used to be a meaningless outing. But now a family will go on a holiday with the avowed purpose of recuperating and energizing. Certain activities have to be part of this holiday. There has to be yoga sessions, mountain climbing, bonfires, etc. The holiday planner that served the family will have to reinvent his business or there will be another provider waiting to grab his client. Companies has to keep track of its customers'

Environmental and social impact from AL-HAMRA tower On heart of Kuwait Essay

Environmental and social impact from AL-HAMRA tower On heart of Kuwait city - Essay Example The Al Hamra Tower, for the purpose of its construction, has occupied almost 18,000-square meter of space in the East Maqwa district of Kuwait City. Two leading construction companies, Al Hamra Real Estate and Ajial Real Estate that represents the owner, have collaborated together for successful construction of the modern architectural landmark. In addition to the various facilities offered to the national and international visitors, this tower will also comprise a 77-story tower consisting of prime office space and crowned by a spectacular rooftop restaurant, a spa and an attached lifestyle shopping center. The shopping center will include a 10-screen Cineplex which will also have IMAX theaters. Despite the reason that the Al Hamra Tower will prove advantageous for the citizens of Kuwait in many ways and it will also add to the overall aesthetic beauty of the city but at the same time there is no scope to deny that it will also cause a great deal of environmental hazards during the time of its construction. Thus, it is important in this context to receive an overview of the whole situation, before and after construction of the tower. It has also been estimated by the constructing parties of the tower that aftermath its completion, the tower will contribute to a great extent in changing the overall socio-economic condition of the surrounding area. As this tower will be one of the most important centers for business and several other types of jobs, it is expected that after completion of the tower access of common localities to different job and income opportunities will also enhance accordingly. Thus, erection of the tower contains within its scope the twofold aspects of goo d and evil from societal perspective. The main aim of the report is to discuss the environmental and social effects resulted from erection of this project on the surrounding environment (i.e. during construction and after completion) and on the physical life in

Business decision making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business decision making - Assignment Example During the research, the researcher primarily focussed upon factors that influence the purchase of consumer drinks such as, consumer profile, preference and attitude. In market research, especially in retail industry, the role of primary data is very crucial. Given the scenario, the data will be useful for determining the product’s potential market and support validity and reliability of the research report. The questionnaire in this research will have close-ended questions so that data can be generated from participants without any hassle. Furthermore, a close-ended questionnaire will minimise ambiguity and confusion on the part of participants as well as researcher. In addition to questionnaire survey, the researcher will also observe the participants through face-to-face interview. The interview will be semi-formal in nature, where the researcher will ask relevant questions in order to support data generated through questionnaire. The sole reason for selecting interview method along with questionnaire survey is to access consumers’ behaviour and attitude, which are generally not expressed verbally (Scandura and Williams, 2000). The questionnaire and interview methods are quite helpful for in-depth study and wide coverage. However, the methods can often prove time consuming and costly under certain circumstances. Personal interview involve direct interaction between participants and researcher, which may increase scope of personal biasness in the research process (Patton, 2005). A sampling technique forms the foundation of data collection method. There are mainly two kinds of sampling techniques; probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Keeping in view the project requirements, the researcher will implement probability sampling method such as, simple random sampling. Under simple random sampling, the researcher will select participants randomly so as to develop a rational

Competitive Environment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Competitive Environment - Case Study Example Most companies have faced domestic competition and done well in the limited competitive milieu that they have been operating in. But now all companies will face competition from companies all over the world. Governments will be unwilling to protect domestic companies because they have realized that they will be doing a great disservice to their economies and people by limiting competition in their countries. Most governments are going overboard in making their countries attractive destinations for foreign capital, technologies and companies. The game is clear. Only the best companies will survive (Adler et al, 1993). The nationalities of companies will not matter and country markets will become intensely competitive. There will be another type of competition which is more difficult to contend with because it comes from unexpected quarters. New technologies are pouring out of laboratories and development centers. These new technologies do not respect the boundaries of existing busines ses. They solve customers' existing and even unarticulated needs in fresh ways. Customers lap up the products and services made with these technologies because they are decidedly better than the products and services they are using. ... In that sense video-conferencing is a direct threat to air travel and hotel industries. Companies need to keep a track of development of technologies in varied areas, because there is no way to find out which one of them is going to hit them. To explain Toyota's competitive advantages, much focus has been on Toyota's Just-in-Time tools such as kanban-card paced pull systems, frequent, small batch production and delivery, and reduced inventories. For instance, Hopp and Spearman (2000) have contrasted ConWIP and kanban control of production flows. Deleersnyder et al (1989) and Lee (1989) have compared the relative efficacy of push and pull approaches for production. Customers' needs are changing because their economic status and their views about themselves and the world are changing. Customers are reinventing themselves more frequently these days and hence their whole being and their rationale of existence is changing (Cusumano, 1989). This reflects in the products and services they buy and their motivations in buying those products and services also change. They want their needs to be served differently, and in most cases by different providers. A family used to go on a holiday once in a while for a change. It essentially used to be a meaningless outing. But now a family will go on a holiday with the avowed purpose of recuperating and energizing. Certain activities have to be part of this holiday. There has to be yoga sessions, mountain climbing, bonfires, etc. The holiday planner that served the family will have to reinvent his business or there will be another provider waiting to grab his client. Companies has to keep track of its customers'

Business decision making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business decision making - Assignment Example During the research, the researcher primarily focussed upon factors that influence the purchase of consumer drinks such as, consumer profile, preference and attitude. In market research, especially in retail industry, the role of primary data is very crucial. Given the scenario, the data will be useful for determining the product’s potential market and support validity and reliability of the research report. The questionnaire in this research will have close-ended questions so that data can be generated from participants without any hassle. Furthermore, a close-ended questionnaire will minimise ambiguity and confusion on the part of participants as well as researcher. In addition to questionnaire survey, the researcher will also observe the participants through face-to-face interview. The interview will be semi-formal in nature, where the researcher will ask relevant questions in order to support data generated through questionnaire. The sole reason for selecting interview method along with questionnaire survey is to access consumers’ behaviour and attitude, which are generally not expressed verbally (Scandura and Williams, 2000). The questionnaire and interview methods are quite helpful for in-depth study and wide coverage. However, the methods can often prove time consuming and costly under certain circumstances. Personal interview involve direct interaction between participants and researcher, which may increase scope of personal biasness in the research process (Patton, 2005). A sampling technique forms the foundation of data collection method. There are mainly two kinds of sampling techniques; probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Keeping in view the project requirements, the researcher will implement probability sampling method such as, simple random sampling. Under simple random sampling, the researcher will select participants randomly so as to develop a rational

Wordsworth and Coleridge Essay Example for Free

Wordsworth and Coleridge Essay Wordsworth and Coleridge saw themselves as worshippers of nature. How is this demonstrated in Lyrical Ballads? (an exam-style essay) Themes relating to nature are instrumental in the poetry collection Lyrical Ballads by William Wordworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. As part of the Romantic movement, both poets strongly believed in a power and supreme beauty of nature and the education it can impart onto man, and their works in Lyrical Ballads demonstrate this. In The Dungeon, Coleridge demonstrates his view that nature has healing properties and that it would be a more effective method of rehabilitating criminals than the usual method of locking them away in prison would be an elevated view of nature and its power. He justifies this opinion using glorious imagery describing nature as he sees it, with the intent of portraying its complete beauty. Thy sunny hues, fair forms, and breathing sweets, Thy melodies of woods, and winds, and waters, Coleridge also uses a direct contrast and juxtaposition with this and the dark imagery used in the first stanza to emphasise the beauty of nature. He also does this to demonstrate that the dark and horrible dungeon and the free and beautiful nature are polar opposites, and ultimately to come to the conclusion that they have similar effects on criminals. Circled with evil, till his very soul Unmoulds its essence, hopelessly deformed By sights of ever more deformity! Using this juxtaposition, Coleridge explains that the total beauty of nature will overcome the criminal and their dark ways. He expresses how nature will appear a jarring and dissonant thing as it is as far-removed from their dark and deceitful ways as is possible. Finally, he concludes that this will immediately have the effect of healing him and removing all bad intent that he possesses (His angry spirit healed and harmonized / By the benignant touch of love and beauty) This conclusion is very much in keeping with the Romantic idea of the supreme power and beauty of nature and the profound impact it can have on man. This is a theme also explored in The Tables Turned, in which Wordsworth argues that there is more to be learnt from nature than there is from books and conventional education. To this end, he uses a affable and conversational style (Up! Up! My friend, and quit your books) to mimic the emotive encouraging of one man to another to leave their studying aside and go out into nature. In this conversational style he abandons the pretence and subtlety that are commonplace in classical poetry, and tries to persuade the reader of the much greater value of experiencing nature, in contrast to the irrelevance of books, through such passages as Let Nature be your teacher. The personification of nature throughout serves to further emphasise the fact that it can be a superior substitute for conventional education, and has a far greater knowledge to impart than its perceived inanimateness would suggest. In the last two stanzas, a different tone is adopted as Wordsworth ceases his direct plea and talks of, using emotive language such as murder, how humanitys meddling intellect and study of, amongst other things, nature, has distorted and lessened its beauty. To conclude the poem, he uses the metaphor of books being barren leaves (dead and of little value), in contrast with the previous personification of nature and its rich portrayal of being beautiful and very much alive. This human distortion of nature is also a theme prominent in The Nightingale. In this, Coleridge argues that the classical poets of old who commented on nature did not have a full understanding of it, but instead wrote at length about it, projecting their own feelings and opinions onto their depiction of it. He manifests this through the Nightingale, which the speaker cannot believe is portrayed as most melancholy, whilst, he argues in nature there is nothing melancholy. Showing disdain for the poets who wrote like this, he takes a similar approach to Wordsworth in The Tables Turned and argues that they had far better stretchd [their] limbs / Beside a brook in mossy forest-dell / By sun or moonlight, or in other words experience nature and come to understand it fully before writing about it. He further concludes that nature is essentially joyous and should inspire joy; it must not be made to serve simply as a screen upon which our human feelings are indiscriminately projected. Throughout Lyrical Ballads, unsophisticated form and structures are used, such as in The Dungeon, which is written in simple blank verse, a style of writing very similar to normal everyday speech and in The Nightingale, which is subtitled a conversational poem. This form is used to help convey that their poetry can be ordinary and be understood by ordinary people, and that its themes are relevant to all. In the case of The Dungeon, this idea is then emphasise by the use of a prisoner as the main character; elevated and unrealistic characters are not used; the likes of whom were prominent in classical poetry, which Wordsworth and Coleridge undoubtedly viewed as out of the reach of the normal person. This shows that the poets wanted their message to reach as many people as possible, and it not bypass some who would be put off by more formal poetry. It is also in keeping with the Romantic belief that wisdom is not to be found in books, sciences and the arts, but in nature itself.

Study Of Culture And Globalisation Management Essay

Study Of Culture And Globalisation Management Essay Why does culture Matter? Globalisation creates one of the most important achievements in todays world; the ability to trade internationally. Understanding cultural differences will only increase the success of companies going aboard. Each country has different currencies and behaviour norms. When global companies are born the workforce becomes diverse. Cultural understanding is a key part to a successful business. Globalization provides better opportunities to companies investing in a new market. The internationalisation of business has exposed firms to a large range of norms for doing business. This essay will show how Wal-Mart, one of the biggest retail chains, deals with cultural difference when opening its doors to Japans Market. Wal-Mart cannot directly transfer its corporate culture of low-cost, high -bulk model, hugely successful in US, to Japan. Wal-Mart is moving into a completely new market, and as such they must enter the market as a blank canvas. Roger Mark clearly states that in order to have global success, its no longer enough to have a hot new product that will save time, or a novel idea that could revolutionize an industry. You also need to understand the cultural values, behaviour styles, negotiating techniques and business practices of the country where you are doing business. Wal-Mart and Japan have different habits. Wal-Mart is moving more to cutting the middleman and forcing stores to remain open for 24 hours. The Japanese culture is based more on fresh produce and has high demands for perishable goods rather than processed food. The Japanese are known for their high demand of quality goods and high income. Wal-Mart is trying to force their low cost high bulk and low quality products on the Japanese market. The company must wonder if their own corporate culture is enough to solve the problems with diverse cultures. If the company itself does not understand the cultural differences it faces can it reap the benefits? Culture is comprised of both value and norms. Culture is a social interest which clearly identifies people interest, thoughts and behaviours. In order for Wal-Mart to survive they must manage cultural diversity because this is in many stages of the internationalization of the business and in all form of the market entry. When entering a new market the business needs to adapt to the specific taste of local people. Wal-Mart cannot deliver the same layout of stores throughout the world, they must adapt to Japanese culture. According to Kurt Barnard It was a dumb thing for Wal-Mart to do. By not understanding cross-cultural influences and not changing the format of their stores to fit cultural differences, Wal-Mart will be unable to compete in foreign markets. Wal-Mart needs to move away from Ethnocentrism and adopt a Polycentrism approach when entering a new market. Fast franchise like McDonald learned their lesson in India. Today McDonalds has localized its products to suit its consumers taste and to recognise the local culture, t herefore creating regional flavours for particular markets. Culture plays an important part on how global companies operate. Wal-Mart needs to adapt the taste of its host country. If we consider the Japanese culture we can clearly see that their living space is much smaller than the average American house, therefore the high-bulk model will not relate to them. Wal-Mart must understand their behaviour first in order to respect the local culture of Japan. What do Japanese people consider as good quality in service and product? Once Wal-Mart determines this it can use the information to better sales campaigns and business interactions instead of using one approach that they believe works everywhere. The firm must determine the countries norms and values, and therefore have a cross- cultural awareness between the Japanese and American cultures. Japanese culture is based on community, family and being part of large group. This is not the same as the American way of life. Global companies need to know that half of business acquisitions fail because they do not input measures that deal with cultural differences. Wal-Mart acquired a Japanese business. Taking over a Japanese firm is the best way of understanding the culture of the Japanese. Why did this not work to Wal-Marts advantage?Companies must require the knowledge of the local culture and the way of doing things. People respond differently to gestures and signs. One of the issues Wal-Mart faced was language barriers in Japan. Wal-Mart is using English-speaking executives to run a retail operation that heavily depends on a detailed understanding of domestic culture. In Japan Harmony is the key value in Japanese society, so when they communicate with each other they use non-verbal expression. Global companies must understand that languages can influence the business in so m any ways. Language is the most important aspect to the business success because this should unlock local societies. Wal-Mart knew full well that entering markets like Japan through acquisition brings together employees from Seiyu with employees from Wal-Mart who speak different languages. They should have adopted a language that can be related to local people. Ideally the international managers in Wal-Mart should be Bi-multilingual. Most American firms tend to slow down their English rather than study the language of Japan The American companies that have succeeded in Japan have done so by using Japanese executives and allowing a significant amount of autonomy. Wal-Mart however seems to be making the same mistake it did in Germany, relying too much on American executives, and not enough on local control. We can clearly see that all Global Companies are faced with many problems which range from language, pricing and culture collisions because cultural differences shape the use and in terpretation of words. Edward hall drew a useful distinction between low and high context cultures. Many Asian countries are seen as high cost cultures. Japanese culture finds it difficult to say no compared to the Americans who are straight forward. Business needs to be aware that problems will naturally arise when high and low cost culture businesses get together. The model is useful in understanding why different cultures might communicate differently because High context south Asian culture companies differ so widely from their low -context western cultures. When companies go global their main objective should be to handle any difficulties to do with culture because once mistakes are made they are hard to fix. This will only destroy the global company operation in the host country. All corporations must have multicultural awareness because it is a vital aspect to a successful business, and you must know the particular industry you are entering. If you do not do this the success of the business is slim. Wal-Mart must HYPERLINK http://www.filination.com/blog/2009/03/14/china-business-strategy-walmart-chinese-culture/localize and do things the Japanese way by encouraging local branch decision making, building local supplier contracts and using local promotion schemes on the other hand Wal-Mart was more focus on doing things the American Way. Wal-Mart did not consider the taste of Japanese people. HYPERLINK http://www.filination.com/blog/2009/03/14/china-business-strategy-walmart-chinese-culture/National culture has a powerful influence on peoples interpretations, understandings, and assessments of those with whom they work-Cultural values can affect decision making, managerial style, interpersonal trust, teamwork, and the role of women in the workplace, among other issues. In order to have successful entry Wal-Mart needed to collect correct and accurate information. Managers in Wal-Mart should undertake An intercultural training course such as Managing Inter national Teams or Managing International Mergers and Acquisitions will give international managers involved in a merger or acquisition the insights they need to develop an effective working culture that plays to the strengths of their multicultural teams and maximises the cultural benefits of their companys acquisition. Japanese Culture is completely different to the Wal-Mart American culture. Cultural dimensions can provide details allowing global companies to deliver the best cultural system with a great outcome. Identifying the main cultural dimensions groups through attitude, values and norms can influence companies success. Geert Hofstede (1984) clearly stated that culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another. Wal-Mart adopted a management style that did not sit well with the Japanese people. Wal-Mart persuaded Seiyus management in 2004 to dismiss 25% of headquarters staff, including 1,500 employees and managers. That kind of mass firing happens rarely in Japan, which places a premium on social harmony. And when the firing is done at the behest of foreigners, it takes on added negative connotations. Wal-Mart should determine the cultural attitudes of the employees. Research shows how national culture can also affect the workfo rce in an organisation. Wal-Mart did not use the Greenfield Investment, which involved entering a country without a partner from the host country. Wal-Mart did the opposite so it should be fully aware of the effect of the Japanese culture. It is up to the managers in a corporation to understand culture. Hofstedes research looks for sub cultural and regional differences, industry differences and differences arising from the organisational culture. Power distances generally mean people will accept unequal distribution of powers. In the Case of Wal-Mart you can see that it is more homogeneous compared to Japan, therefore they need togive more power to local managers and their supplier-network. Japanese power distances are lower so Management should decentralise. Americans do not accept power distances so the American workers in Wal-Mart at the Japanese branch should input empowering systems. Japanese hold harmony as a social ideal, patience as a personal virtue, and hierarchy as an ess ential organizing principle. Americans, in contrast, hold freedom as a social ideal, action-orientation as a personal virtue, and equality as a fundamental organizing principle. We have seen that the Hostede model such as individualism versus collectivism and feminine versus masculinity help categorize as well as identify cultural differences. If we take individualism versus collectivism you will know that Americans are more independent and have self -determination compared to Japan where the workforce work in groups. In order to solve this issue Wal-Mart should develop group goals and policies that relieve stress. The Japanese people also believe power should be controlled by society, even though this model does not present detailed analyses of individual cultures. This useful research shows the role of cultural differences which is useful for international management. These are challenges many managers will face in todays global markets because not managing culture effectively can stop growth as well as production. The use of the concepts of cultural dimensions such as those of Hostede and Trompanear provide the means to construct cultural clusters of countries or subcultures within and across countries. These clusters can be used to identify areas which need development in order to reduce problems caused by cultural differences. For example advertising can use this model to make adverts relative to certain cultural dimensions. Wal-Mart needs this because once Seiyu was taken over it became a whole new store. Yes Wal-Mart provided low cost products but the high quality products that the Japanese are used to disappeared. Wal-Mart should clearly see how different their culture is compared to Japanese. The bad thing about these models is that they assume that culture does not change and they develop serotypes. The cultural theorists base their research on the management of the company rather than the national culture. Wal-Mart must show consideration and care in dealing with cultural differences both inside and outside the organisation. Japanese people are willing to pay top prices for goods of high quality. Wal-Mart should ensure that their global company service as well as product meets the standards of the people living there. Care must take place amongst managers regarding the relationship between the home and host country in terms of working practices. Firms need to be sensitive to culture because if they dont it can cause failed joint ventures as well as misunderstandings. Their cultural differences need to be respected across borders. Employees in the organisation must be aware of norms and the general customs when entering the host country. Businesses need to understand the impact that cultural differences have on the career progression of their employees and on communication and decision-making, Firms can solve the problems of cultural difference by engaging in cross- cultural training. S ome researchers have stated that Wal-Mart is way behind the knowledge of the locals taste. One of the reasons that failed Wal-Mart internationally is when it attempt to transport the companys unique culture and retailing concept to each new country. Gilman (2004) asserts that in Wal-Mart overseas expansion, it has been trying hard to launch the supercenter concept, therefore the corporate culture does not match the national culture. Understanding cultural difference allows managers to develop policies to manage cross cultural activities. In this essay we have seen that internationalisation of a business has exposed the business to different norms when crossing cultural borders because more firms move away and enter new markets. A comparison between National cultures is important. We have seen the clash in the national cultures between countries as well as the corporate culture. We can clearly see that how culture plays an important role in the success of a global company. The theory clearly compares how companies like Wal-Mart try to impose the same norms on all its foreign markets. The approaches to solving cultural differences clearly assume that firms will be given advantages. Culture should be the heart of the organisation because we can clearly see that it determines the success or failure of the firm. It is up to the employees in the organisation who exist within the corporate culture to understand the outside environment culture because we must see culture as ever changing. In order to solve the problem with c ulture we must learn to adapt. The company needs strategy development in order to overcome the hurdles caused by cultural differences. We can clearly see that every country and region has their own culture; therefore global companies must have a good understanding. Culture is clearly the way of life for people so it is only natural that companies leave their ethnocentric culture where they basically see only their own culture rather than the Polycentric culture. This creates conflict as we have seen in both corporate cultures as well as national culture. In order to overcome such problems global companies need to acknowledge the diverse culture around them. No more assumption and judgment because people learn culture through what they are taught. It is only natural for global companies to put in effect strategies allowing them to adapt to the cultural changes. If we take the company Coca Cola strategy which changed the sweetness of their soda to meet the consumers taste buds in diff erent countries. They did not neglect the needs of the local people; they therefore have the full respect of their culture and history. We have seen how cultural theories like Hofstede can allow global companies to take into consideration the cultural cluster that effects society but the problem with this theory is more based on how the organisation can improve culture difference inside the global company rather than the environment outside the organisation.