Resiniferatoxin Is Much Hotter Than Capsaicin

The hottest hot pepper is no match for the spicy heat of the resin spurge Euphorbia resinifera, a cactus-like plant native to Morocco. The resin spurge produces a chemical called resiniferatoxin, or RTX, which is a thousand times hotter on the Scoville scale than pure capsaicin, the chemical that produces heat in hot peppers. Law enforcement-grade pepper spray and the hottest hot pepper, the Trinidad Moruga Scorpion, both pack a punch of about 1.6 million Scoville heat units. Pure capsaicin comes in at 16 million Scoville units, while pure resiniferatoxin has 16 billion—yes, billion—Scoville heat units. Both the capsaicin from hot peppers and the resiniferatoxin from the Euphorbia can give you chemical burns or even kill you. Resiniferatoxin makes the plasma membrane of sensory neurons permeable to cations, especially calcium. Initial exposure to resiniferatoxin acts as a strong irritant, followed by analgesia. Even though the chemicals may be painfully hot, both capsaicin and resiniferatoxin can be used for pain relief.

Erikson and Piaget - 1639 Words

Erikson versus Piaget: Active and Passive Learning Billy Jenkins Grand Canyon University: PSY 650 January 27, 2012 Abstract In this paper, the idea of active versus passive learning is discussed, as well as the major learning theories of Piaget and Erikson. Furthermore, their major learning theories are compared to each other and applied to the principles of active and passive learning. Because of my teaching and classroom experience, the application of active and passive learning will be applied to childhood development and learning. In addition, the learning theories of Piaget and Erikson, and their similarities and differences in relation to passive and active learning, will be applied to the classroom as well.†¦show more content†¦Jean Piaget’s work has greatly influenced constructivist educators through what we now call discovery learning. Fogarty (1999) explains that Piaget’s main theory premise is that the learners’ interactions lead to structural changes in how they think based on data assimilation. Fogarty (1999) further states that Piaget’s designs are easy t o spot in K-12 classrooms that utilize discovery learning through experimentation. Discovery learning in classrooms today is equated to Piaget’s hands-on experience learning. Constructing meaning based on data interpretation is often the heart of inquiry and problem-based learning. As stated earlier, active learners develop an intrinsic reward system while learning. Belsky (2010) referred to the fact that when Piaget described our desire to learn, he was talking about our intrinsic motivations. This is closely related to the view that Petress (2008) has in relation to active learners. In theory, Piaget would most closely be aligned to active learning and constructing our own meanings and learning through discovery learning. Erikson Like Piaget, Erikson believed that children develop in a predetermined order. However, Erikson focused on socialization and how this affects their sense of self. Piaget focused more on cognitive development. According to Belsky (2010), Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development has eight stages†¦ eachShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Piaget And Erikson1121 Words   |  5 Pagesare seminal within the field. For instance, when I taught Adolescence (PSY 3302) in the fall semester, I lectured on the theories of Piaget and Erikson because these two scholars have been instrumental in human development across the lifespan. If students go on to pursue graduate study in psychology or education, they will be tested on the theories of Piaget, Erikson, and other seminal scholars. Although students were expected to read before coming to class, I lectured to highlight the importantRead MoreJean Piaget And Erik Erikson Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pages Currently, teachers still are using theorists work when dealing with children in a school setting. Both Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson were great Theorists, that works help us understand children’s thought processes and skill sets. Teachers are interacting with their students based on developmental and skill age-appropriateness, while incorporating foundations of theorist teachings. A child-theorist’s research can provide an understanding of how and why children behave, as well as how they processRead More Studies on Adolescene of Piaget and Erikson Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pageson Adolescene of Piaget and Erikson Adolescence is considered a difficult time of life and one in which a number of changes occur as the individual achieves a certain integration of different aspects of personality. One approach to the cognitive and emotional transitions made at different times of life is to consider how the changes in, say, adolescence are linked to a continuum of change beginning in childhood and continuing throughout life. Some theorists, such as Piaget, were interested primarilyRead MorePiaget And Erikson s Theory Of Development1239 Words   |  5 PagesPiaget, Vygotsky, and Erikson are very well known men for their different theories of development. Although each of them believe different things about how a child develops, I believe that a child can go through all of these theories and benefit from them. I also understand that not everyone is the same, and what might be true for someone could be different for someone else. In my own personal experience, I believe I went through and I’m goi ng through all these different stages in theories throughoutRead MoreErik Erikson And Jean Piaget s Theories Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson and Jean Piaget are quite similar in their theories. Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory is only slightly different than Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Both theorists use the idea of developmental stages. Although the stages vary in what they entail, the carry the same idea of progressive development. Jean Piaget was born September 16, 1980, in Switzerland. His research found â€Å"that the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding oneRead MoreThe Developmental Theories By Erik Erikson And Jean Piaget1728 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss the two major developmental theories by Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. The nature of development itself is dynamic, changing, exciting and challenging. â€Å"Before we can think about the world and our experiences we must first get to know it. We need to be able to have certain basic concepts in place, have ways of communicating effectively and understand differences between all types of life experiences we encounter† (Robinson, 2008, 13). Erikson believed that external factors such as parentsRead MoreFreud, Erikson, And Piaget : Theories Of Developmental Psychology Essay2372 Words   |  10 PagesFreud, Erikson, and Piaget: Theories in Developmental Psychology Many factors influence children’s development as well as that massive amount of development theories that elaborate on why children do certain things, why children have developmental disorders, or even why some children have developmental delays. Although there are many theories regarding children development and how they are influences, theorist make some great points in the child development but with any theory come flaws such asRead MoreDifference Between Piaget s Theory And Erikson Theory1077 Words   |  5 PagesTheory and Erikson’s Theory There are many different theories on child development but they are all related in some way. Jean Piaget theory focuses on the first twelve years of a child’s life. Erik Erikson’s theory focuses on a person complete life. In this paper I will be focusing on the differences between Piaget’s and Erikson’s theory on child development. Jean Piaget theory focuses on children and how they develop up to the age of twelve years old. I believe Piaget’s theory is true because heRead MoreThe Developmental Theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson1976 Words   |  8 PagesThe developmental theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson are all respected theorists in the study of psychology. All three have theories that help to explain why and how children develop into adolescents and adult hood. Although all three provide their own theories on this subject each theory shares similarities and differences with one another. Having a better understanding of each theory and the theorist will lend a better understandingRead MoreErikson s Theory, Vygotzy, And Piaget s Model1583 Words   |  7 Pagestime when the person is alive. These three Psychologist define this development as a series of stages. A stage is a period in development in which people show typical behavioral patterns and establish specific capacities. A theory sparked a fuse in Piaget;s, Vygotzy’s, and Erikson’s mind called the developmental theory. The developmental theory is a collective vision of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. These three men sought out to expl ain how the development of a human

Preventing Falls in the Elderly Free Essays

Preventing Falls in the Elderly Natalie StJohn University of Arkansas Community College at Batesville As health care becomes more sophisticated and better, other concerns are starting to surface. Such interests that started as mere nuisances are now becoming the focal point of involvement that aims to correct and improve the welfare of individuals. One such clinical concern is the phenomenon of falls, especially with the older population. We will write a custom essay sample on Preventing Falls in the Elderly or any similar topic only for you Order Now Falling in elderly individuals is a significant, yet under-recognized and underestimated public health concern (Woolcott et al. , 2009). About 30% of people over 65 years old and living in their respective communities fall annually, with such figures even higher in health institutions and about a fifth of such incidents requires medical attention (Gillespie, Gillespie, Robertson, Lamb, Cumming, Rowe, 2009). In a one year follow-up study of persons aged 75 years and above living in the community, about one-third reported at least one incident of fall (Tinetti, Speechley, Ginter, 1988), with a higher annual fall risk of up to 50%, occurred in the oldest population or with the individuals living in nursing homes, with the consequences of injuries and fractures because of falls (like mortality, hospitalization, disability and institutionalization) rise as with the age (Berdot et al. , 2009). The estimated costs associated with falls and fall-related complications are at billions of dollars worldwide (Scuffham, Chaplin, Legood, 2003; Lewin Group, 2000; Smartrisk Foundation, 2009). Hence, research regarding the factors why elder people fall becomes all the more necessary (Woolcott et al. , 2009). There are several reasons why people fall. Fall risk is multifactoral in nature, with risk factors being intrinsic and extrinsic (Graafmans et al. , 1996). The most common reasons are uncontrolled hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, and use or inappropriate use of certain medications (Gangavati et al. 2011); Woolcott et al. , 2009; Berdot et al. , 2009). With regards to hypertension and systolic orthostatic hypertension, older individuals suffering from such conditions are at greater risk for falls within a year (Gangavatti et al. , 2011). The study also noted that older patients with their hypertension controlled have no effect with regards to falls (Gangavatti et al. , 2011) . The older populations with an increase use of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, and sedatives have a larger and increase chances of falls with elderly persons (Woolcott et al. 2009). This marked increase is most due to the long-lasting effects of benzodiazepines as well as inappropriate psychotropics, and since these medications have anticholinergic properties (Berdot et al. , 2009). There are several ways to mitigate, lessen, or even prevent the chances of the elder population from falling. Interventions with multidisciplinary properties are proven effective in minimizing fall incidents, as well as muscle strengthening balance retraining prescribed at home and assisted by a trained health professional (Gillespie et al. 2009). Tai Chi is also another effective alternative intervention for mitigating falls (Gillespie et al. , 2009). For those with a history of falling, home hazard assessment and modification by a healthcare professional could also minimize chances of fal ls (Gillespie et al. , 2009). Cardiac pacing for individuals with high risk of falls due to cardio-inhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity also has a high chance of being beneficial, as is the withdrawal of psychotropic medications (Gillespie et al. , 2009). Studies have also shown that individually tailored interventions delivered by healthcare professionals are more effective than standard or group delivered programs (Gillespie et al. , 2009). Falls is a highly preventable, yet still highly prevalent cause of injury and even mortality with the elderly. The abovementioned interventions could help in minimizing its detrimental effects. Reference: Berdot, S. , Bertrand, M. , Dartigues, J. F. , Fourrier, A. , Tavernier, B. , Ritchie, K. , Alperovitch, A. , (2009). Inappropriate Medication Use and Risk of Falls-A Prospective Study in a Large Community-Dwelling Elderly Cohort. BMC Geriatrics, 9(30). doi:10. 1186/1471-2318-9-30. Lewin Group (2000). Estimated savings from falls prevented by targeted home modifications. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. Gangavati, A. , Hajjar, I. , Quach, L. , Jones, R. , Kiely, D. , Gagnon, P. , Lipsitz, L. (2011). Hypertension, Orthostatic Hypotension, and the Risk of Falls in a Community-Dwelling Elderly Population: The Maintenance of Balance, Independent Living, Intellect, and Zest in the Elderly of Boston Study. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 59(3), 383-389. doi:  Ã‚  10. 1111/j. 1532-5415. 2011. 03317. x Gillespie, L. D. , Gillespie, W. J. , Robertson, M. C. , Lamb, S. E. , Cumming, R. G. , Rowe, B. H. (2009). Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4). DOI:  10. 1002/14651858. CD000340. Graafmans,  WC. , Ooms,  M. E. , Hofstee, H. M. , Bezemer,  P. D. , Bouter,  L. M. , Lips, P. (1996). Falls in the elderly: a prospective study of risk factors and risk profiles. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143(11), 1129-  1136. Scuffham P. , Chaplin,  S. , Legood,  R. (2003). Incidence and costs of unintentional falls in older people in the United Kingdom. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(9) 740-  744. Smartrisk Foundation. 2009). The Economic Burden of Unintentional Injury in Canada. Smartrisk Foundation Website. Retrieved from http://www. smartrisk. ca/researchers/economic_burden_studies/canada. html. Accessed October 20, 2012. Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF, (1988). Risk Factors for Falls among Elderly Persons Living in the Community. New England Journal of Medicine,  319,1701-1707. Woolcot, J. , Richardson, K. , Wiens, M. , Patel, B. , Marin, J. , Khan, K. , Marra, C. (2009). Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 Medication Classes on Falls in Elderly Persons. Archives of Internal Medicine, 169(21), 1952-1960. doi:10. 1001/archinternmed. 2009. 357. How to cite Preventing Falls in the Elderly, Essay examples

Does The Goverment Has The Right To free essay sample

Censor The Internet? Essay, Research Paper Subject: Computer Science Titile: Does The Government Have The Right To Ban The Internet? The Internet is a method of communicating and a beginning of information that is going popular among those who are interested in the information expressway. The job with this universe we know as Internet, the # 8216 ; Net, or the Web is that some of this information, including pornographical stuff and hatred literature, is being accessible to bush leagues. Did you know that 83.5 % of the images available on the Internet are pornographical? Did you know that the Internet # 8217 ; s erotica and hatred literature are available to funny kids that happen to knock into them? One of the pulling characteristics of the immature Internet was its freedom. It # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; # 8230 ; a rare illustration of a true, modern, functional lawlessness # 8230 ; there are no official censors, no foremans, no board of managers, no shareholders # 8221 ; ( Sterling ) . It # 8217 ; s an unfastened forum where anyone can state anything, and the merely thing keeping them back is their ain scruples. This lawless atmosphere bothered many people, including Nebraska Senator James Exon. Exon proposed in July, 1994 that an amendment be added to the Telecommunications Reform Bill to modulate content on the Internet. His proposal was rejected at the clip, but after continuity and increased support, his proposal evolved into the Communications Decency Act ( CDA ) , portion of the 1996 Telecommunications Reform Act The Internet has changed the universe by making advertisement, information, and concerns. However, there are the few bad apples in the Internet that have information, literature, artworks and images that have been deemed inappropriate for bush leagues. Therefore, many people feel the Internet should be censored by the Government. The Government owns and operates the Internet and its bureaus are responsible for what is on the Internet. However, for the parents with bush leagues that are concerned about what their childs see- they should travel out and acquire package to ban the Internet. Don # 8217 ; t destroy everyone else # 8217 ; s merriment. Why should I hold to be a provincial of the Government dictatorship over the Internet? The people that worry about their childs and do the Government concern about it and pass statute law on censoring are the people that are excessively damn lazy to purchase Internet Censoring package plans for their PERSONAL computing machines, NOT the full United States # 8217 ; . The Government wants censoring, but a section of the Internet # 8217 ; s population does non. The Communications Decency Act is an amendment which prevents the information expressway from going a computing machine # 8220 ; ruddy visible radiation district. # 8221 ; Thursday, February 1, 1996, was known as # 8220 ; Black Thursday # 8221 ; on the Internet when Congress passed ( House 414-9, Senate 91-5 ) into statute law the Telecommunication Reform Bill, and attached to it the Communications Decency Act. It was so signed into jurisprudence by President Clinton one hebdomad subsequently on Thursday, February 8, 1996 known as the # 8220 ; Day of Protest # 8221 ; when the Internet at the same time went black from 100s of 1000s of Internet citizens turning their web pages black in protest of the Communications Decency Act. The Communications Decency Act which is supposed to protect bush leagues from accessing controversial or sexually expressed stuff, criminal # 8220 ; obscene # 8230 ; # 8221 ; , which already is a offense, and hence the CDA is non needed, but besides # 8220 ; # 8230 ; lewd, lewd, foul, or indecent # 8221 ; , and even # 8220 ; raging # 8221 ; # 8220 ; # 8230 ; remark [ s ] , petition [ s ] , suggestion [ s ] , proposal [ s ] , image [ s ] , or other communicating # 8220 ; utilizing a # 8220 ; # 8230 ; telecommunications device # 8221 ; all of which are protected by the First Amendment and hence can non be banned. The Act is besides unconstitutional because it does non follow the Supreme Court # 8217 ; s determination in Sable Communications Vs. FCC. necessitating that limitations on address use the # 8220 ; least restrictive agencies # 8221 ; possible. The Court besides stated that limitations on indecency can non hold the consequence of # 8220 ; reduc [ ing ] the grownup population to merely what is fit for children. # 8221 ; We start with the federal Communications Decency Act of 1996, a controversial piece of statute law signed into jurisprudence by President Clinton on February 8, 1996, and now under legal challenge by the American Civil Autonomies Union and others. The Communications Decency Act bans the communicating of # 8220 ; obscene or indecorous # 8221 ; stuff via the Internet to anyone under 18 old ages of age. ( Telecommunications Act of 1996, Section 502, 47 U.S.C. Section 223 [ a ] . ) We all know that this new jurisprudence resulted from a complex engagement of political forces in an election twelvemonth during which household values will go on widely to be extolled. But, is this portion of the new federal jurisprudence legal? All of us have heard of the First Amendment to the United States Fundamental law. It states in pertinent portion that # 8220 ; Congress shall do no jurisprudence. . . foreshortening the freedom of address. . . . # 8221 ; If those words are to be read literally, so the knee-jerk reply would be that this new jurisprudence is illegal. But, the First Amendment, while historically read reasonably loosely, has neer been interpreted literally. Even Thomas Jefferson, when he served as President, tried to prosecute behavior that he viewed as incendiary address. The U.S. Supreme Court besides systematically has ruled that erotica and lewdness autumn outside the First Amendment, along with a assortment of other looking # 8220 ; speech. # 8221 ; At the same clip, grownup behavior which includes sexually oriented behavior that some ( possibly even arguably a bulk ) might see immoral has been considered protected by the First Amendment when it takes topographic point in a private scene. Possibly the outmost range of that theory of constitutional # 8220 ; privateness # 8221 ; manifested itself in # 8220 ; Roe v. Wade # 8221 ; and the right to an abortion ( itself now a controversial proposition ) . Surely, though, it can be said, Internet surfboarders who find # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; stuff ( whatever that is ) as a consequence of their enquiries from place ( or the office ) autumn good within the outer range that Roe demarcated? Or is that true? Then, we come to the inquiry of # 8220 ; kids, † the declared aim of the new Congressional prohibition. Anyone who watches the intelligence or reads newspapers knows that the tribunals often hold that authorities can lawfully attempt to protect the wellbeing of kids. At the same clip, how parents rise up their kids has by and large been left to the parents, although possibly because of publicised parental oversights more governmental activism seems to be in that sphere excessively. But it seems just to state that few parents, irrespective of their political or spiritual positions, would hold that the federal authorities should mediate in how they raise their ain kids. In general, parents have entree to a wider assortment of Internet entree controls than controls over overseas telegram telecasting or the films. Additionally, most kids who live in environments in which their parent slack entree to Internet protection probably besides lack the resources to get computing machine engineering and Internet entree. Is Congress irrupting into the parental sphere in censoring # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; Internet communications? Continuing farther, the tribunals have by and large given the federal authorities broad latitude to command what can be said or shown over the commercial telecasting # 8220 ; airways. # 8221 ; We have all likely heard of the FCC # 8217 ; s prohibition of # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; address and the # 8220 ; seven dirty words # 8221 ; of George Carlin or the jokes of Howard Stern. But, the commercial telecasting airwaves flow about inexorably into everyone # 8217 ; s place, with little more attempt than the flick of a dial. The Internet is something that most of us must purchase entree to and which we so choose to surf on our ain. And does the authorities truly have the right to state parents what books and magazines they can allow their kids read at place or what telecasting plans or gesture images they should allow their kids watch? If the reply is, # 8220 ; yes, # 8221 ; so how much stretching does it take to widen authorities control so as to embrace impressions of societal or philosophical or spiritual tuition? A complex legal and social job so! To recap, if the Internet is kindred to commercial web telecasting and if the authorities can constitutionally curtail the bill of fare of offerings at that place, so why non the Internet? But, the Internet is different, in tonss of ways. And, what does # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; intend anyhow? # 8220 ; Pornography # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; lewdness # 8221 ; are hard adequate constructs in their ain right. Justice Potter Stewart of the United States Supreme Court wrote in 1964: # 8220 ; possibly I could neer win in clearly # 8221 ; explicating what it is. # 8220 ; But I know it when I see it # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; Indecent, # 8221 ; whatever that means ( Congress itself did non specify the term ) must certainly be something less violative than # 8220 ; obscenity. # 8221 ; Is it merely, just or even wise to punish person from doing available information which some would label # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; but which few of us can even specify? These are among the issues that the tribunals must make up ones mind in governing on the legality of the Communications Decency Act of 1996. Lone clip will state the result. At least, though, the tribunals are non rather as instantly influenced by current political tendencies as legislators and their concluding determinations may be less emotionally passionate and more deliberative. We have the engineering today to filtrate entree to users on synergistic media. One simple manner to is to set information in the heading describing the information that is contained in the transmittal. There would be criterions for how the information would be described. The application used to have the transmittal can be set to test the unwanted transmittal based on the information in the heading. The scenes can be protected by watchwords. Using this engineering the user would exercising control of the information available on synergistic media alternatively of the authorities or web operators. The CDA criminalizes # 8220 ; knowingly convey [ ing ] or Maktab al-Khidmat [ ing ] available # 8221 ; information on synergistic media that can be accessed merely as easy by inquiring the isles of a book shop. It besides criminalizes # 8220 ; indecent # 8221 ; address that is transmitted electronically between two accepting grownups. i.e. Email. The penalty for such a # 8220 ; offense # 8221 ; can be up to 2 old ages in prison and/or a $ 250,000 mulct. The Communications Decency Act is unconstitutional by censoring address that is protected by the First Amendment in a medium in which the user is giving the ability to choose what he or she does or does non desire to receive. THE GOVERNMENT GIVES CITIZENS THE PRIVILEGE OF USING THE INTERNET, BUT IT HAS NEVER GIVEN THEM THE RIGHT TO USE IT. If we have a # 8220 ; Constitution # 8221 ; and, purportedly, a # 8220 ; First Amendment # 8221 ; why is the Government utilizing statute law to halt us from showing ourselves? We seem to be a dry and paradox state. We didn # 8217 ; t want to be the foremost to utilize atomic arms and the atomic bomb, but were the first and, so far to present twenty-four hours, the last to utilize them. Mentions: American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language-Definition of Censoring: ( May 30, 1997 ) . A Brief and Idiosyncratic History of Censorship-by Robert Atkins: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Center for Democracy and Technology-Trial bulletin for CIEC # 8217 ; s case: ( May 30, 1997 ) . # 8220 ; The Complaint # 8221 ; -CIEC-Current Lawsuit information: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Net Censoring Crisis: From DC to Cyberspace-By Cate C. Corcoran from Hotwired: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Internet Censorship FAQ-By Jonathan Wallace and Mark Mangan: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Latest Developments on Internet Censorship-EPIC organisation: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Signing Away Free Speech-By Todd Lappin from Wired magazine: ( May 30, 1997 ) . Jefferson, Thomas. # 8220 ; Bill Of Rights. # 8221 ; from The Constitution of the United States. ( May 30, 1997 ) . Sterling, Bruce. # 8220 ; Short History of the Internet. # 8221 ; From The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, February 1993. ( May 30, 1997 ) . King, Stephen. # 8220 ; Censorship on the Internet: an synergistic essay by Stephan King # 8221 ; ( May 30, 1997 ) .